பதஞ்சலி,
Sanskrit:
पतञ्जलि,
IPA: [pət̪əɲɟəli];
fl. 150 BC or 2nd century BC) is one among the 18 siddhars in the Tamil
siddha tradition. He is the compiler of the
Yoga Sūtras, an important collection of aphorisms on
Yoga practice. According to tradition, the same Patañjali was also the author of the
Mahābhāṣya, a commentary on
Kātyāyana's
vārttikas (short comments) on
Pāṇini's
Aṣṭādhyāyī and of an unspecified work of medicine (
āyurveda).
Patanjali's place of birth is held to be "
Gonarda" (Thiru-Gona-Malai), India and he described himself as a "Gonardiya" throughout his life. This corroborates
Tirumular's
Tirumandhiram, which describes him as hailing from
Then Kailasam (
Koneswaram temple, Trincomalee), and he famously visited the
Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, where he wrote the
Charana Shrungarahita Stotram on
Nataraja. In recent decades,
[when?] the Yoga Sutra has become quite popular worldwide for the precepts regarding practice of
Raja Yoga and its philosophical basis. "Yoga" in traditional
Hinduism involves inner contemplation, a system of
meditation practice and
ethics.
Name
The
compound name Patañjali is explained in two ways. The first explanation of the word is
añjalau patan iti patañjali (Patañjali is one falling into folded hands), which is a
mayūravyaṁsakādi compound with
śakandhvādi Sandhi.
The name comes from a legend about his birth which says that
Śeṣa, the divine serpent-king
incarnated as a snakelet and fell into the folded hands (
Anjali Mudra) of a Brahmin.
The second explanation parses the word as a
Bahuvrihi compound
patanto namaskāryatvena janānāmañjalayo yasmin viṣaye sa (He for whom the folded hands of people are falling is Patañjali).
Life
Grammar Tradition
In the Vyakarana tradition, Patañjali is believed to have lived in the first century B.C. in
Varanasi.
The tradition holds Patañjali lectured on Paninian grammar at a place called
Nāgakūpa, which is identified with modern day
Nagakuan (Hindi: नागकुआँ).
He lectured for 85 days, which resulted in the 85
Āhnikas of the Mahābhāshya.
Many writers in the grammar tradition, including
Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita, Hari Dikhsita, Nagesha Bhatta, and Kaunda Bhatta, hold Patañjali to be an incarnation of Śeṣa.
Yoga tradition
In the Yoga tradition, Patañjali is a revered name and has been deified by many groups, especially in the
Shaivite bhakti tradition. It is claimed that Patañjali is an incarnation of
Ādi Śeṣa, who is the first ego-expansion of
Viṣṇu,
Sankarshana. Sankarshana is part of the so-called
caturvyūha,
the fourfold manifestation of Vishnu. Patañjali is considered an incarnation of God defending the yoga. He is called
Maharshi.
Tamil Shaivite legend
Regarding his early years, a
Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta tradition from around 10th century AD holds that Patañjali learned Yoga along with seven other disciples from the great Yogic
Guru Nandhi Deva, as stated in
Tirumular's
Tirumandiram (Tantra 1).
Nandhi arulPetra Nadharai Naadinom Nandhigal Nalvar Siva Yoga MaaMuni Mandru thozhuda Patañjali Vyakramar Endrivar Ennodu (Thirumoolar) Enmarumaame
Translation
We sought the feet of the Lord who graced Nandikesvara
The Four Nandhis,
Sivayoga Muni, Patañjali, Vyaghrapada and I (Thirumoolar)
We were these eight.
The ancient Kali Kautuvam also describes how Patañjali and Vyagrapada gathered along with the gods in Thillai near
Chidambaram to watch
Shiva and
Kali dance and perform the 108 mystic
Karanas, which formed the foundation for the system of
Natya Yoga. He has also written Charana Shrungarahita Stotram on
Nataraja.
This Tamil tradition also gives his birthplace in South Kailash -
Koneswaram temple,
Trincomalee. Some other traditions feel that his being born in
Bharatavarsha
- the part of the ancient world corresponding to South Asia - is
beneath his godlike status, and that he must have been born in the
Jambudvipa, the mythical center of the universe.
Patañjali as
Siddha is also mentioned by the goldsmith-sage
Bogar:
It was why my Grandfather who said, "Climb and see."
But it was Kalangi Nathar who gave me birth.
Patañjali,Viyagiramar,and Sivayogi Muni all so rightly said,
"Look! This is the path!" - Bhogar 7000 (translation by Layne Little)
This tradition also holds that Patañjali was a master of dance.
Other legends
In one popular legend, Patañjali was born to
Atri and his wife
Anasuya (this would make him go back to the time of the creation by
Brahma). According to this tradition, Anasuya had to go through a stern test of her
chastity when the
Trimurti themselves came as Bhikshuks and asked her for
Bhiksha. She passed their test by accepting them as her children and fed them. She got the boon where all the three
Murtis will be born to them. They were Soma Skandan or Patañjali,
Dattatreya, and
Durvasa.
Samadhi
The
Jeeva Samadhi of Patanjali Maharishi is believed to be in Tirupattur
Brahmapureeswarar Temple (30 km from Trichy), where Lord Brahma installed 12 Shiva Lingams and worshipped Lord Shiva to get back his Tejas.
[citation needed]
Shankaracharya's guru had told Shankaracharya that Patanjali was
reincarnated as Govinda Bhagavatpada and was meditating in a cave
somewhere in the state of samadhi
.
Ascribed works
Whether the two works, the Yoga Sutras and the
Mahābhāṣya,
are by the same author has been the subject of considerable debate. The
authorship of the two is first attributed to the same person in
Bhojadeva's
Rajamartanda, a relatively late (10th century) commentary on the Yoga Sutras,
as well as several subsequent texts. As for the texts themselves, the
Yoga Sutra iii.44 cites a sutra as that from Patanjali by name, but this
line itself is not from the Mahābhāṣya. This 10th-century legend of
single-authorship is doubtful. The literary styles and contents of the
Yogasūtras and the Mahābhāṣya are entirely different, and the only work
on medicine attributed to Patañjali is lost. Sources of doubt include
the lack of cross-references between the texts, and no mutual awareness
of each other, unlike other cases of multiple works by (later) Sanskrit
authors. Also, some elements in the Yoga Sutras may date from as late as
the 4th century AD,
but such changes may be due to divergent authorship, or due to later
additions which are not atypical in the oral tradition. Most scholars
refer to both works as "by Patanjali", without meaning that they are by
the same author.
In addition to the Mahābhāṣya and Yoga Sūtras, the 11th-century commentary on
Charaka by the Bengali scholar Cakrapāṇidatta, and the 16th-century text
Patanjalicarita ascribes to Patañjali a medical text called the
Carakapratisaṃskṛtaḥ (now lost) which is apparently a revision (
pratisaṃskṛtaḥ)
of the medical treatise by Caraka. While there is a short treatise on
yoga in the medical work called the Carakasaṃhitā (by Caraka), towards
the end of the chapter called śārīrasthāna, it is notable for not
bearing much resemblance to the Yoga Sūtras, and in fact presenting a
form of eightfold yoga that is completely different from that laid out
by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras and the commentary Yogasūtrabhāṣya.
The tradition that holds that all three works are by the same author
is summed up in this verse from the beginning of Bhoja's Rājamārttanda
commentary on the Yoga Sūtras:
yogena cittasya, padena vācāṃ, malaṃ śarīrasya ca vaidyakena ।
yo'pākarot taṃ pravaraṃ munīnāṃ patañjaliṃ prāñjalir ānato'smi ॥
पतञ्जलिप्रार्थनं॥ योगेन चित्तस्य पदेन वाचां मलं शरीरस्य च वैदिकेन । योपाकरोत्तं प्रवरं मुनीनां पतञ्जलिं प्राञ्जलिरानतोस्मि॥
English translation: I bow with my hands together
to the eminent sage Patañjali, who removed the impurities of the mind
through yoga, of speech through grammar, and of the body through
medicine.
Relevance of his contribution to the science of yoga
Patañjali defended in his yoga-treatise several ideas that are not mainstream of either
Sankhya or
Yoga. He, according to the
Iyengar adept, biographer and scholar Kofi Busia, acknowledges the
ego not as a separate entity. The subtle body
linga sarira
he would not regard as permanent and he would deny it a direct control
over external matters. This is not in accord with classical Sankhya and
Yoga.
Although much of the aphorisms in the
Yoga Sutra possibly
pre-dates Patanjali, it is clear that much is original and it is more
than a mere compilation. The clarity and unity he brought to divergent
views prevalent till then has inspired a long line of teachers and
practitioners up to the present day in which
B.K.S. Iyengar
is a known defender. With some translators he seems to be a dry and
technical propounder of the philosophy, but with others he is an
empathic and humorous witty friend and spiritual guide.
Mahābhāṣya
The
Mahābhāṣya ("great commentary") of Patañjali on the
Aṣṭādhyāyī of
Pāṇini is a major early exposition on Pāṇini, along with the somewhat earlier
Varttika by
Katyayana. Here he raises the issue of whether meaning ascribes to a specific instance or to a category:
- kim punar AkritiH padArthaH, Ahosvid dravyam.
- Now what is 'meaning' (artha) [of a word]? Is it a particular instance (dravya) or a general shape (Akriti)?
This discussion arises in Patanjali in connection with a sutra
(Pāṇini 1.2.58) that states that a plural form may be used in the sense
of the singular when designating a species (
jAti).
Another aspect dealt with by Patanjali relates to how words and meanings are associated - Patanjali claims
shabdapramâNaH - that the evidentiary value of words is inherent in them, and not derived externally
- the word-meaning association is natural. The argument he gives is
that people do not make an effort to manufacture words. When we need a
pot, we ask the potter to make a pot for us. The same is not true of
words - we do not usually approach grammarians and ask them to
manufacture words for our use. [27] This is similar to the argument in
the early part of
Plato's
Cratylus, where
morphemes are described as natural, e.g. the sound 'l' is associated with softness.
These issues in the word-meaning relation (
symbol) would elaborated in the
Sanskrit linguistic tradition, in debates between the
Mimamsa,
Nyaya and
Buddhist schools over the next fifteen centuries.
Sphota
Patanjali also defines an early notion of
sphota, which would be elaborated considerably by later Sanskrit linguists like
Bhartrihari. In Patanjali, a
sphoTa (from
sphuT, burst) is the invariant quality of speech. The noisy element (
dhvani,
audible part) can be long or short, but the sphoTa remains unaffected
by individual speaker differences. Thus, a single letter or 'sound' (
varNa) such as
k,
p or
a is an abstraction, distinct from variants produced in actual enunciation.
This concept has been linked to the modern notion of
phoneme,
the minimum distinction that defines semantically distinct sounds. Thus
a phoneme is an abstraction for a range of sounds. However, in later
writings, especially in Bhartrihari (6th century AD), the notion of
sphoTa changes to become more of a mental state, preceding the actual utterance, akin to the
lemma.
Patañjali's writings also elaborate some principles of
morphology (
prakriyā). In the context of elaborating on Pāṇini's aphorisms, he also discusses
Kātyāyana's commentary, which are also aphoristic and
sūtra-like;
in the later tradition, these were transmitted as embedded in
Patañjali's discussion. In general, he defends many positions of Pāṇini
which were interpreted somewhat differently in Katyayana.
Metaphysics as grammatical motivation
Unlike Pāṇini's objectives in the Ashtyadhyayi which is to distinguish correct forms and meanings from incorrect ones (
shabdaunushasana), Patanjali's objectives are more metaphysical. These include the correct recitations of the scriptures (
Agama), maintaining the purity of texts (
raksha), clarifying ambiguity (
asamdeha), and also the pedagogic goal of providing an easier learning mechanism (
laghu).
This stronger metaphysical bent has also been indicated by some as one
of the unifying themes between the Yoga Sutras and the Mahābhāṣya.
The text of the
Mahābhāṣya
had diversified somewhat in the late Sanskritic tradition, and the
19th-century orientalist Franz Kielhorn produced the first critical
edition and developed
philological
criteria for distinguishing Kātyāyana's "voice" from Patañjali's.
Subsequently a number of other texts have come out, the 1968 text by
S.D. Joshi and J.H.F. Roodbergen often being considered definitive.
Patanjali also writes with a light touch. For example, his comment on the conflicts between the orthodox Brahminic (
Astika) groups, versus the heterodox,
nAstika groups (
Buddhism,
Jainism, and atheists) seems relevant for religious conflict even today: the hostility between these groups was like that between a
mongoose and a
snake.
He also sheds light on contemporary events, commenting on the recent
Greek incursion, and also on several tribes that lived in the Northwest regions of the subcontinent.